Ellen Terry at 16 by Cameron

Julia Margaret Cameron :: Sadness, 1863-64 (Shakespearean Actress Dame Ellen Terry, Age 16) | Victoria & Albert Museum
Julia Margaret Cameron :: Sadness, 1863-64 (Shakespearean Actress Dame Ellen Terry, Age 16) Carbon print from copy negative | Victoria & Albert Museum. Royal Photographic Society. National Media Museum
Julia Margaret Cameron :: Sadness, 1863-64 (Shakespearean Actress Dame Ellen Terry, Age 16) | Victoria & Albert Museum
Julia Margaret Cameron :: Sadness, 1863-64 (Shakespearean Actress Dame Ellen Terry, Age 16) Carbon print. | Victoria & Albert Museum

Circular-shaped photograph of a standing woman, shown in profile from the waist up. Her head is leaning against an interior patterned wall and one of her hands is placed at her throat tugging at her necklace.

Julia Margaret Cameron :: Sadness, 1863-64 (Shakespearean Actress Dame Ellen Terry, Age 16) | Victoria & Albert Museum
Julia Margaret Cameron :: Sadness, 1863-64 (Shakespearean Actress Dame Ellen Terry, Age 16) Carbon print [full size] | V&A Museum
Julia Margaret Cameron :: Ellen Terry at Age Sixteen, 1864. Carbon print. LL/6758
Julia Margaret Cameron :: Ellen Terry at Age Sixteen, 1864. Carbon print. | src Luminous Lint: LL/6758
Julia Margaret Cameron :: [Ellen Terry at Age Sixteen] negative 1864; print about 1875. Carbon print. | The J. Paul Getty Museum
Julia Margaret Cameron :: [Ellen Terry at Age Sixteen] negative 1864; print about 1875. Carbon print. | The J. Paul Getty Museum

This image of Ellen Terry (1847-1928) is one of the few known photographs of a female celebrity by Julia Margaret Cameron. Terry, the popular child actress of the British stage, was sixteen years old when Cameron made this image. This photograph was most likely taken just after she married the eccentric painter, George Frederick Watts (1817-1904), who was thirty years her senior. They spent their honeymoon in the village of Freshwater on the Isle of Wight where Cameron resided.

Terry came from a theatrical family and had her stage debut at age nine. In 1862 she was introduced to Watts, who painted a double portrait of her with her elder sister Kate. In a union engineered by Cameron and her own sisters, Terry and Watts were married on February 20, 1864, when she was just sixteen. Within a year the couple had separated; they were formally divorced in 1877.

The pair spent their honeymoon at Freshwater, and most likely it was at this time that the portrait was made. While the possibility exists that Terry, as an actress, was striking a pose for Cameron, the picture’s title suggests the realization of a mismatched marriage. Terry’s anxiety is plainly evident—she leans against an interior wall and tugs nervously at her necklace. The lighting is notably subdued, leaving her face shadowed in doubt. In The Story of My Life (1909), Terry recalls how demanding Watts was, calling upon her to sit for hours as a model and giving her strict orders not to speak in front of distinguished guests in his studio.

Cameron’s uncertain technique is evidenced by the image loss at the lower center of the picture, where the collodion emulsion peeled away from the glass-plate negative. She must have created only a single negative at this sitting, since she presented this particular print as is in the Overstone Album. The negative was later rephotographed (with the damage repaired) and distributed commercially as a carbon print by the Autotype Company of London (see image above). This later version was also reproduced in 1913 in Alfred Stieglitz’s Camerawork. (*)

Cameron’s portrait echoes Watt’s study of Terry titled Choosing (1864, National Portrait Gallery, London). As in the painting, Terry is shown in profile with her eyes closed, an ethereal beauty in a melancholic dream state. In this guise, Terry embodies the Pre-Raphaelite ideal of womanhood rather than appearing as the wild boisterous teenager she was known to be. The round (“tondo”) format of this photograph was popular among Pre-Raphaelite artists. (*)

Julia Margaret Cameron :: Sadness, a study of Shakespearean actress Ellen Terry (1847-1928), 1864. Inscribed recto mount in ink "FreshWater, inside cottage" and dated. Albumen silver print. | The J. Paul Getty Museum
Julia Margaret Cameron :: Sadness, a study of Shakespearean actress Ellen Terry (1847-1928), 1864. Inscribed recto mount in ink “FreshWater, inside cottage” and dated. Albumen silver print. | The J. Paul Getty Museum

Cameron titled another print of this image Sadness (see image above), which may suggest the realization of a mismatched marriage. Terry’s anxiety is plainly evident—she leans against an interior wall and tugs nervously at her necklace. The lighting is notably subdued, leaving her face shadowed in doubt. In The Story of My Life (1909), Terry recalls how demanding Watts was, calling upon her to sit for hours as a model and giving her strict orders not to speak in front of distinguished guests in his studio.

This particular version was printed eleven years after Cameron first made the portrait. In order to distribute this image commercially, the Autotype Company of London rephotographed the original negative after the damage had been repaired. The company then made new prints using the durable, non-fading carbon print process. Thus, this version is in reverse compared to Sadness. Terry’s enduring popularity is displayed by the numerous photographs taken of her over the years. (*)

Julia Margaret Cameron :: Ellen Terry, at the age of sixteen, 1864 (taken) 1913 (ca, print). Carbon print. The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Accession Number: 49.55.323
Julia Margaret Cameron :: Ellen Terry, at the age of sixteen, 1864 (taken) 1913 (ca, print). Carbon print. | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Julia Margaret Cameron :: Actress Ellen Terry,   27th February 1864. |  Guy Little Theatrical Photographs  V&AM
Julia Margaret Cameron :: Actress Ellen Terry, 27th February 1864. | Guy Little Theatrical Photographs V&AM

(*) quotations are from The J. Paul Getty Museum, links can be followed from the captions of image 5 and 6 of this post

A Cameron card and the original

"Summer Days" (1866) by Julia Margaret Cameron. Postcard
Marni Sandweiss (Amon Carter Museum) postcard sent to Carlotta Corpron. January 28, 1981. From Carlotta Corpron Papers
The photograph is a reproduction of “Summer Days” (c. 1866) by Julia Margaret Cameron printed by George Eastman House.
Back of the postcard is viewable here as a pdf file
Julia Margaret Cameron :: 'Summer Days', ca. 1866. Albumen print from wet collodion glass negative. A photograph of two young women (May Prinsep and Mary Ryan) wearing straw hats, two young children (Freddy Gould and Elizabeth Keown) are seated in front. | V&A
Julia Margaret Cameron :: ‘Summer Days’, ca. 1866. Albumen print from wet collodion glass negative. A photograph of two young women (May Prinsep and Mary Ryan) wearing straw hats, two young children (Freddy Gould and Elizabeth Keown) are seated in front. | V&A Museum

In late 1865, Julia Margaret Cameron began using a larger camera. It held a 15 x 12 inch glass negative, rather than the 12 x 10 inch negative of her first camera. Early the next year she wrote to Henry Cole with great enthusiasm – but little modesty – about the new turn she had taken in her work.

Cameron initiated a series of large-scale, closeup heads that fulfilled her photographic vision. She saw them as a rejection of ‘mere conventional topographic photography – map-making and skeleton rendering of feature and form’ in favour of a less precise but more emotionally penetrating form of portraiture. Cameron also continued to make narrative and allegorical tableaux, which were larger and bolder than her previous efforts.

Cameron’s ability to capture large groups improved with experience as well as with the use of her new, larger lens. Her friend and photographic advisor, the scientist Sir John Herschel, wrote that this picture was ‘very beautiful, and the grouping perfect.’ quoted from V&A

Cameron’s “very first success”

Julia Margaret Cameron :: Annie Philpot (1857-1936), Freshwater, Isle of Wight, England, January 1864.
Julia Margaret Cameron :: Annie Philpot (1857-1936), Freshwater, Isle of Wight, England, January 1864. Albumen silver print.
Annie; Julia Margaret Cameron (British, born India, 1815 - 1879); January 1864; Albumen silver print; 17.9 × 14.3 cm (7 1/16 × 5 5/8 in.); 84.XZ.186.69; No Copyright - United States (http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/)
Julia Margaret Cameron (British, born India, 1815 – 1879) :: Annie; January 1864. Albumen silver print.
Julia Margaret Cameron :: Annie / "My very first success in Photography January 1864", January 1864. Albumen silver print.
Julia Margaret Cameron :: Annie / “My very first success in Photography January 1864”, January 1864. Albumen silver print.
Getty Open Content Program

In December 1863 Julia Margaret Cameron received the gift of a wooden box camera from her only daughter, Julia, and her son-in-law Charles Norman. She was forty-eight years old, a woman whose prodigious energies had been centered on raising her six children. Now, with her daughter married and her husband and three eldest sons away on her family coffee estates in Ceylon, she found herself at a transitional moment in her life. Taking up photography at this time, she began, in her own words “to arrest all beauty that came before me.”

Cameron’s retrospective written account of her career in photography, Annals of My Glass House (penned in 1874 and published posthumously in 1889), stresses the solitary nature of her early experiments: “I began with no knowledge of the art. I did not know where to place my dark box, how to focus my sitter, and my first picture I effaced to my consternation by rubbing my hand over the filmy side of the glass.” Despite this proclamation, Cameron may have already learned the basics of camera operation and chemistry from Oscar Gustave Rejlander, with whom she shared many mutual friends, most importantly Alfred Tennyson, her neighbor on the Isle of Wight. Another likely early tutor was her brother-in-law Lord Somers, an accomplished amateur photographer who made portraits of Cameron’s family circle.

After some three weeks of experimentation in the January cold of her studio at her home in Freshwater, Cameron created this portrait of Annie Philpot (1857-1936), the daughter of a local resident. She later recalled the circumstances surrounding its creation in Annals of My Glass House: “I was in transport of delight. I ran all over the house to search for gifts for the child. I felt as if she entirely had made the picture. I printed, toned, fixed and framed it, and presented it to her father that same day.” Cameron carefully trimmed this particular print for presentation in an album given to Lord Overstone in 1865. It is a picture of great simplicity and grace, conspicuously divided in terms of light and dark. The out-of-focus background and deep shadows around the model’s eyes were acceptable to Cameron, indicating that from the outset her criteria for “success” were notably out of step with convention. She proudly inscribed the picture’s mount “My very first success in photography.”

Adapted from Julian Cox. Julia Margaret Cameron, In Focus: Photographs from the J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 1996), 10. © 1996 The J. Paul Getty Museum